Boots - the secrets to comfortable walking!

Today, hiking shoes and mountaineering boots are available in a wide range of designs, with significant differences in weight, stiffness, insulation, waterproofing and breathability. Before buying a pair, we should therefore consider where and how we intend to use it.

Main types of boots

Approach shoes

Approach shoes are primarily designed for reaching climbing areas. They combine features of hiking and climbing footwear and usually have a high-friction rubber sole, a relatively supportive construction and a precise fit for easy technical sections. They are useful for climbers and mountaineers approaching a route before changing into climbing shoes or technical boots. They are not, however, a substitute for appropriate mountaineering boots in demanding snow, ice or extremely cold conditions.

Flexible hiking boots

Flexible boots are primarily designed for hiking on snow-free terrain and routes without significant technical difficulty. They are commonly made from a combination of leather and synthetic materials and may include a waterproof and breathable membrane, such as GORE-TEX® or a comparable technology. They can occasionally be used on easy snowy routes but do not provide the stability and protection required for long days on demanding winter terrain.

Semi-stiff boots

Semi-stiff boots are a versatile intermediate option for both snow-free and snowy conditions. They offer more support and protection than flexible hiking boots and generally have a stronger, stiffer sole. They are suitable for winter hiking, mountaineering on moderate slopes and routes that alternate between snow and exposed ground. Many models are compatible with semi-automatic crampons, although compatibility must always be confirmed with the manufacturer.

Rigid boots

Rigid mountaineering boots are designed for technical winter mountaineering, steep snow or ice and ice climbing. They are generally higher, more robust and often insulated. Their rigid sole provides stability when using crampons, but also makes them heavier and less comfortable for ordinary walking.

Plastic and double boots

Traditional plastic mountaineering boots resemble rigid ski boots. They provide excellent waterproofing and protection but are heavy and uncomfortable for extended walking. They have largely been replaced by modern double boots with removable inner liners, intended primarily for extremely low temperatures, high-altitude climbing and expeditions.

B0–B3 ratings and crampon compatibility

A commonly used system classifies mountain footwear according to its stiffness and compatibility with crampons:

1. B0: Flexible hiking shoes or boots for snow-free terrain. They are not intended for standard mountaineering crampons.
2. B1: Relatively flexible boots for hiking and light winter use. They are normally paired with C1 strap-on crampons.
3. B2: Semi-stiff boots for winter mountaineering and steeper snowy terrain. They are generally compatible with C1 and C2 crampons.
4. B3: Fully rigid technical boots for steep terrain, technical mountaineering and ice climbing. They are compatible with C1, C2 and C3 crampons.

These ratings provide useful guidance, but they are not sufficient on their own. Before pairing any boot with a crampon, check the specifications of both manufacturers and test the fit carefully.

The importance of the sole

The sole should provide traction, stability and protection appropriate to the terrain. Important factors include:

1. the quality and composition of the rubber,
2. the depth and pattern of the lugs,
3. the stiffness of the midsole,
4. performance on wet rock, mud, snow and loose ground.

Vibram® is one of the best-known outsole manufacturers, but not all Vibram soles offer identical performance, nor are they the only reliable option.

Men’s and women’s models may also use different lasts. However, the label is less important than how the boot actually fits the individual foot.

How to try on boots correctly

A poor fit can cause blisters, pressure on the toes, damaged toenails and instability. Trying on boots properly therefore requires time and attention.

Shop in the afternoon

Feet swell slightly during the day, just as they do while hiking. For this reason, it is generally better to try on boots in the afternoon.

Wear the right socks

Try on the boots with the same type of socks you intend to use in the mountains. Hiking socks made from synthetic fibres or merino wool help manage moisture and reduce friction. Cotton socks should be avoided because they retain moisture and dry slowly.

Lace them correctly

Push the heel gently towards the back of the boot, centre the tongue and tighten the laces securely without creating pressure or restricting circulation.

Allow room for the toes

There should be approximately one centimetre, or a thumb’s width, between the longest toe and the front of the boot. Do not automatically buy half or one full size larger, however, as the correct fit also depends on the width, volume and shape of the foot.

Check the fit

With the boots properly laced, spend enough time walking around the shop and use an inclined test ramp if one is available to check whether:

1. the heel stays secure without excessive lifting,
2. the toes can move comfortably,
3. the toes hit the front of the boot when walking downhill,
4. there is pressure, numbness or rubbing anywhere,
5. the foot slides inside the boot.

Breaking in new boots

Some leather or technical boots need to be worn gradually before they soften. Begin with short walks before using them on a long mountain route. Breaking in cannot correct a fundamentally poor fit. If you feel strong pressure, noticeable bumps or excessive space during the initial fitting, you probably need a different model or last.

Lacing on the mountain

Correct lacing helps secure the foot, reduce friction and improve control. It cannot, however, compensate for a poorly fitting boot (find out more about boot-lacing techniques).

During an ascent

The heel should remain secure, while the upper section may be left slightly looser to allow ankle movement and avoid excessive pressure on the shin.

During a descent

The foot tends to slide towards the front of the boot. Secure the heel and tighten the laces sufficiently to prevent movement inside the boot, without compressing the toes. On a long hike, it may be necessary to adjust the lacing more than once.

Cleaning and maintenance

Proper care extends the life of the boots and helps maintain their performance. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions first.

Preparation

Remove the insoles and allow them to dry separately. If the boots require thorough cleaning or leather treatment, remove the laces as well.

Cleaning

Use clean water and a soft brush to remove mud and dirt. Clean the outsoles and remove stones lodged between the lugs. Avoid strong detergents, household soap and products not designed for leather or waterproof membranes.

Cleaning the inside

If necessary, clean the inside carefully with lukewarm water or a product approved by the manufacturer. Never put hiking or mountaineering boots in a washing machine.

Drying

Allow the boots to dry naturally in a shaded, well-ventilated place. Never place them in direct sunlight or next to a radiator, stove, fire or other strong heat source, as heat can damage the leather, adhesives and waterproof membranes. To speed up drying, loosely fill the boots with newspaper and replace it whenever it becomes damp.

Restoring water repellency

When the outer material no longer repels water effectively, apply a suitable waterproofing treatment according to the manufacturer’s directions. Many treatments work best when the surface is clean and slightly damp.

Leather conditioning

Leather boots occasionally require a suitable wax or conditioning product. Excessive use may affect breathability or alter the texture of the leather, so apply only the recommended amount. Some darkening of the leather after treatment is normal.

The right boot must suit both the route and the foot

No single boot is suitable for every mountain activity. A summer hike on a maintained trail has very different requirements from a winter ascent involving crampons.

Choose first according to intended use and safety, and then consider fit, weight and comfort. Even the most expensive or technically advanced boot is the wrong choice if it does not fit your foot properly.